Positional elements

Here's a list.  

There are different levels of appreciation, from Know-That to Know-How 

  1. I've heard of it...
  2. I can recognise it in a position or a game
  3. I pay attention to it when choosing a move
  4. I know a model game = I know enough about it to win a game with it when it is the main thing going on = I can make an effective plan based on it 
  5. I can judge how important it is in a more complex position

activity

back rank

bad Bishop

battery

bind

Bishop pair (two Bishops)

blockade

centre

classic (Italian) diagonal

colour complex

co-ordination

development

diagonal

the Exchange

exchanges

file

Greek diagonal

half-open file

holes

initiative

King safety

King's-side attack

Knight outpost

long diagonal

majority

material

minority attack

mobility

offside piece

overprotection

open file

pawn break

pawn breakthrough

pawn chain

pawn island

pawn lever see pawn break

pawn storm

pawn structure

pawn wedge

pawn: backward

pawn: candidate

pawn: doubled

pawns: hanging

pawn: isolated

pawn: isolated Queen's (IQP)

pawn: passed

potential

prophylaxis

Queen's-side attack

rank

rook lift

rook: doubled

sacrifice

seventh rank

space

tempo

weakness

Zugzwang