Introduction: your four choices

There are four basic choices to be made before sitting down at a chessboard.

You must decide whether to open as White with 1. e4, with 1.d4 or with a Reti/English system

(and have something in mind against each semi-open or Indian defence)

You must decide how to respond to 1. e4 as Black

You must decide how to respond to 1. d4 as Black

You must decide how to respond to the Reti/English system as Black.

What you choose may depend on whether you like to attack or to play more solidly, and whether you prefer to play open or more closed positions.

You should also consider how it fits with what else you have chosen. For example, if you adopt the Dutch or English Defences with the move order 1. d4 e6, you must be prepared to play the French. Or, if you like to play the Slav with …c6, you might feel the Caro-Kann with …c6 is a nice fit.

The commonest – and many would say the best – opening move is 1. e4, and 1. d4 is also a good first move. But almost every other first move has been played and advocated at some time or another, and almost every legal Black move has been tried in reply to 1.e4/1.d4.

I enclose an openings map below. Even if you learned this off by heart, there are still over 1000 more openings, defences and variations listed in the Oxford Companion to Chess. This is a map, not so you can go charging off everywhere, but so if someone shows you something, you can look it up. You should know that each opening has a plan (or if it doesn’t, it’s not a very good opening!) You will easily find things not on this list – either mainstream (e.g. last time I visited a bookshop it had a new book on the Torre Attack 1.d4 Nf6 2.Nf3 and 3.Bg5), and or amongst the ‘fringe’ (e.g. the Vulture 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 Ne4). Moreover, as GM LOMBARDY once said (cited above),

“All openings offer good winning chances in amateur play“.

I used to know a Henry who was known as H.4.Stewart because of his inclination to 1.h4 as an opening move, and I’m sure it saved him a lot of time sweating over the latest line in the Sicilian Dragon. How should you reply to this? If faced with 1.h4, or anything else unusual, just keep playing good chess – keep calm, keep developing, keep your eye on the centre, and keep your wits about you.

The variety of openings can be daunting. I think there is a trick to coping with this, which is expressed in Reti’s famous statement:

“A knowledge of tactics is the foundation of positional play. This is a rule which has stood its test in chess history and one which we cannot impress forcibly enough upon the young chess player. A beginner should avoid Queen’s Gambit and French Defence and play open games instead! While he may not win as many games at first, he will in the long run be amply compensated by acquiring a thorough knowledge of the game” – RICHARD RETI

The development of a chessplayer should naturally progress through stages just as chess has passed through stages in its history. MacDonnell and LaBourdonnais (and even Steinitz and Tchigorin) lashed at each other with the Evans Gambit; by the time Steinitz played Lasker we saw more of the Ruy Lopez. The titanic Capablanca-Alekhin struggle was fought out mainly with the Queen’s Gambit Declined (whereas the era of Steinitz was more concerned with the Gambit Accepted). The Euwe matches saw the French, a Semi-Open defence, and Indian Defences like the Dutch, Grunfeld and Nimzo-Indian adopted as main choices at World Championship level for the first time. By the time of Botvinnik we saw the Caro-Kann, the King’s Indian and the flank openings (Reti and English) appearing in matches, while Karpov and Kasparov seem to have played everything.

From this we can draw up a hierarchy, on each side of the board:

1. Open games and Gambits with 1. e4 e5; Queen’s Gambit Accepted.

2. Ruy Lopez; Queen’s Gambit Declined.

3. French; Dutch, Grunfeld, Queen’s and Nimzo-Indian.

4. Flank openings; King’s Indian.

There is no doubt in my mind that only once you have served your apprenticeship with the earlier and strategically more simple openings should you venture out to play in the jungles of the later ones.

Also, if you do want to move down the list, I think you should not move through dissatisfaction or fear with your current repertoire, but preferably from boredom, or the experience that opponents at your level know all about how to play the openings you practice. One might also remember that Bobby Fischer rarely departed from 1. e4 throughout his career, and that the Giuoco Piano was played by Karpov against Kortchnoi.

Playing Aggressively or Solidly as White and Black

Did I say four choices? There is another choice which you need to make first: do you wish to play solidly or aggressively? Reti and I suggest that you play open games, which more or less obliges an aggressive style. It is in these games that you can practice attacking play and learn to spot tactics, without which there is not much point considering more strategically complex systems. However, if you feel you have been through this apprenticeship, there are some more solid, strategical choices available.

For example, the Italian Game generally results in fewer draws than the English Opening, and more draws than the King’s Gambit, although the percentage score from each opening may be similar, acording to databases I have examined:
Italian Game: 41% White wins, 26% drawn, 33% lost by White (total 54%)
English Opening: 37% White wins, 36% drawn, 27% lost by White (total 54%)
King’s Gambit: 47% White wins, 15% drawn, 38% lost by White (total 54%)
Within the Giuoco Piano alone, playing d2-d4 instead of d2-d3 reduces the proportion of draws by 10%. So, you have quite a lot of influence over the style of the game by your opening choices, although these are always negotiated (as it were) with your opponent!

Here is a sorted list of common opening systems, from which you can make your four choices.

• Playing White with 1. e4
  • Playing aggressively as White with 1. e4
    • After 1…e5: Danish Gambit, Giuoco Piano with d2-d4/Max Lange, King’s Gambit, Vienna Gambit, Bishop’s Opening (Urusoff Gambit), Ruy Lopez with an early d4
    • Against semi-open defences: early d2-d4, advance variations, transposition to Blackmar-Diemer Gambit or other Gambits (e.g. Morra).
  • Playing solidly as White with 1. e4
    • After 1…e5: Centre Game, Bishop’s Opening/Giuoco Piano with d2-d3, Ruy Lopez with d2-d4 late or never, Vienna Game,
    • Against semi-open defences: advance variations, King’s Indian Attack.
• Playing White with 1. d4
  • Playing aggressively as White with 1. d4
    • After 1…d5: Blackmar-Diemer Gambit, Queen’s Gambit with Queen’s-side castling,
    • Against Indian defences: King’s-side Pawn storms e.g. Samisch vs. King’s Indian.
  • Playing solidly as White with 1. d4
    • After 1…d5: Queen’s Gambit Declined with O-O, Queen’s Pawn games without c2-c4.
    • Against Indian defences: Queen’s-side Pawn storms e.g. Classical King’s Indian.
• Playing White with the Reti/English
  • Playing (relatively) aggressively as White with the Reti/English
    • King’s Indian Attack, Botvinnik system of English.
  • Playing solidly as White with the Reti/English
    • Queen’s-side Pawn storms, systems with b2-b3.
• Playing Black
  • Playing Black against 1. e4
    • Playing aggressively as Black against 1. e4
      • Sicilian, Alekhin’s, Pirc/Modern
    • Playing solidly as Black against 1. e4
      • Petroff or other lines with 1…e5, French, Caro-Kann, Modern with …c6
• Playing Black against 1. d4
  • Playing aggressively as Black against 1. d4
    • Tarrasch Defence, Budapest Gambit, Benko/Benoni, King’s Indian, Grunfeld
  • Playing solidly as Black against 1. d4
    • Slav Defence, Queen’s Gambit Declined e.g. Tartakower, Nimzo/Queen’s Indian
• Playing Black against the Reti/English
  • Playing aggressively as Black against the Reti/English
    • Reversed Sicilian, Dutch systems, King’s Indian
  • Playing solidly as Black against the Reti/English
    • Slav, London System

If you don’t know what these openings are yet, you might look them up below, but you will need more information than this to play them properly!

Changing your opening repertoire.

It may be from reading things like this that you are thinking about changing your opening choices. There are some things to consider:

• Don’t try and change your whole repertoire from a given date. It’s much better to experiment with part of your repertoire at a time, and you don’t have to play your new line in every game.
• The first thing to do is to get hold of a good verbal summary of the ideas behind the new line(s). [Don’t spend a fortune on specific monographs until you are committed to the line; you are better off owning more general, inclusive titles until you pass 1400 ELO (Class C).] Reuben Fine’s The Ideas behind the chess openings is a great place to start, but it is terribly dated. [He disparages some openings which, fifty years on, are believed to be very playable.] If you have access to this book, and can bend the ear of a couple of players who are a couple of classes or more above you, this is probably all you need.
  There are some brief explanations which are quite nice in “BCO2”, the second edition of Batsford Chess Openings.
  There are also some monographs which cover a variety of openings and which are designed to explain the ideas: some of the best of these are also rather old and out of print like the RHM series “Understanding the …”, or books which cover several openings at once [e.g. The Italian Game, Botterill/Harding].
• The next thing is to find some example variations and games. BCO2 is fine for variations, and there are game databases on the internet for different openings. All of these are totally unannotated. Play over a few lines or games to get a “feel” for the opening – which squares your pieces often come to, and which side of the board to play on.
  To get hold of annotated games, try magazines, and games collections like, say, Alekhin’s Best games of Chess.
• So, now you should know the ideas behind the openings, some of the main lines, and have a feel for how the game may go. The next step is to try it out. Play friendly “quick” games using this opening at your club, or on one of the chess servers; it’s nice to find an opponent who will cooperate by agreeing to play your chosen opening. [I say quick rather than blitz: I have a prejudice that 5-minute chess (G/5) is useless for learning openings, but 10-15 minute chess is very useful. Every so often in the opening you will need to stop and think for 2-3 minutes, which you can do at G/10. ]
  This should let you know what the basic variations are that you will meet most often in practice, and the plans most often adopted.
• Then introduce it into your serious games. Again, you don’t have to play it in every game; I’ve been experimenting with 1. e4 as a replacement for the English 1. c4 in my games, but I still play the English if:
  1. a draw is more important than a win, or
  2. my opponent is a known skilful attacking player who hates slow games, or
  3. my opponent is a junior who is likely to be inexperienced in the English, or
  4. my opponent plays a defence to 1.c4 which I like to play against, or
  5. my opponent plays a defence to 1.e4 which I don’t like, or
  6. I feel like it!
• Playing a couple of postal games with your new opening is very good practice.

A simple openings map.

• Key

Openings without 1.d4 or 1.e4

There are hundreds of tried and untried moves. I recently came across Larsen’s Gambit 59: 1. g3 e5 2. Bg2 d5 3. b4!? Bxb4 4. c4! Stefan Bucker of Norwalde, Germany, has actually invented a little trio of related defensive systems for Black. Amazingly, they occur after some very familiar initial moves:

They are:

The Vulture: 1. d4 c5 2. d5 Nf6 3. c4 Ne4
The Habichd: 1. d4 c5 2. d5 Nf6 3. Nf3 c4
The Woozle: 1. d4 c5 2. d5 Nf6 3. Nc3 Qa5 (idea …b5)

(The “Habichd” comes from the German phrase for “I’ve got you” (maybe we would say in English: Gotcha!), and the “Woozle” comes perhaps from English slang “woozy”, meaning drunk or befuddled.)

There are some morals to be drawn from the existence of these openings: one gloomy, one cheerful.

1. You cannot anticipate everything. Time spent trying to come up with a “complete”, failsafe opening repertoire is doomed to failure. You will get locked inside an arms race where the only winners are the publishers. You are better off studying chess than openings!

2. There is always scope for originality in the opening. Even if you feel yourself being drawn into your opponent’s preparation you may be able to head off into untheoretical territory – not by playing a bad-looking move, but perhaps with an odd-looking one, or a good-looking one that just isn’t in the books. Tartakower used to say, “Unfashionable, therefore playable”!

1. Na3  Durkin Opening (a.k.a. Sodium Attack). Supports c4 but isn’t really going anywhere. I recommend 1…e5 in reply. I can’t guarantee you will emerge equal but it’s a natural way to try.

1. Nc3  Dunst Opening. One of the better non-standard lines: White can hit out with e4 or go solid with g3.

1. Nf3    Reti Opening. White invites Black to set up a pawn centre; White can follow up with g3/c4. (The  is for the difficult and subtle nature of many of the main lines – save it for later in your career. This applies also to other modern openings like the English and Catalan.)

1. Nh3  Amar Opening (Paris Gambit). Usually intending 1.Nh3 d5 2. g3 e5 3. f4 Bxh3 4. Bxh3 exf4. Tartakower played this and even won] but don’t you play it until you’re as good as Tartakower.

1. a3  Anderssen Opening. A way of reserving options. White may follow up naturally with 2.b3 or 2.b4, transposing.

1. a4 [?!] Meadow Hay Opening. The name is insulting (implying, a yokel opening). Not really going anywhere: 1…e5 equalises.

1. b3 [!?] Nimzo-Larsen Opening a.k.a. Queen Fianchetto Opening. White will allow Black to set up a pawn centre [which can then be used as a target.

1. b4 [!?] Sokolsky Opening a.k.a. Polish Opening a.k.a. Orang-Utan Opening. Black is again allowed a pawn centre, but is not given the freedom of …c5.

1. c3  Saragossa Opening. A way of reserving options. 1…e5 should equalise.

1. c4  English Opening. A major opening complex. Black can reply

1 … c5 – Symmetrical Variation

1 … e5 – Reversed Sicilian

1 … Nf6 – Indian-style variations

1. d3  King’s Indian Attack, a.k.a. Mieses Opening. The KIA requires a follow-up with Nf3,g3,Bg2,O-O and then e4 or c3/a4. You can also get into it via 1.Nf3 or 1.e4, and these are more common in practice.

• Key

Openings with 1.d4

1. d4 

1. d4 Na6  (never seen by your inexperienced author: may intend …c5)

1. d4 Nc6 [?!] may transpose into the Kevitz-Trajkovic Defence: 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 Nc6.

1. d4 Nf6  leads to various

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Indian Defences [e.g…

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 (with …e6) – Modern Benoni Defence.   1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 d6 – Old Indian Defence.

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 – Nimzo-Indian Defence. 

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 b6 – Queen’s Indian Defence. 

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 Bb6 – Bogo-Indian Defence. 

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 Ne4 – Dory Defence. 

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. g3 – Neo-Catalan Opening. 

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e5 – Budapest Gambit. [!?] 

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 – Grunfeld Defence. 

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d6 – King’s Indian Defence. 

1. d4 Nh6  (never seen)

1. d4 a5 [?!] (never seen)

1. d4 a6 [!? ] (usually intended as a transposition to …b5 lines)

1. d4 b5 [!?] Polish Defence. Black intends …Bb7 without allowing a block by c4/d5

1. d4 b6 [!?] English Defence. Black tempts c4 and e4 which can be undermined with e.g. …f5

1. d4 c5  Old Benoni Defence.

1. d4 c6  (usually transposes to e.g. Slav Defence to Queen’s Gambit)

1. d4 d5  (leads to main-line Queen Pawn openings)

1. d4 d6 (usually transposes to e.g. King’s Indian Defence)

1. d4 e5  Englund Gambit. (a.k.a. Charlick Gambit) Vigorous but unsound. 1.d4 e5 2.dxe5 Nc6 3. Nf3 Qe7 4. Qd5! += (4.Bf4 Qb4+ can lead to trouble).

1. d4 e6  (usually transposes [e.g. to Nimzo-Indian or French Defence)

1. d4 f5  Dutch Defence. Black stakes out space on the King’s side.

1. d4 f6  Onc’s Defence. Intends …Nh6-f7.

1. d4 g5  (loses a pawn: see 1…h6)

1. d4 g6  Modern Defence. Black invites White to make a centre with c4/e4 which can then be attacked.

1. d4 h5 [?!] (never seen)

1. d4 h6 [?!] Borg Defence. (Grob reversed) Black will play …g5,…Bg7 and probably …c5 or …d5.

1. e3  Van’t Kruy’s Opening. A way of reserving options.

• Key

Openings with 1.e4

1. e4 

1. e4 Na6 [?!] (never seen – Benjamin and Schiller call it the Lemming)

1. e4 Nc6 [!?] Nimzovitch Defence. Black can counter-punch with …d5 or …e5, sometimes transposing.

1. e4 Nf6  Alekhin’s Defence. Black invites 2.e5 Nd5 3.d4, after which …d6 strikes back at the extended centre.

1. e4 Nh6 [?!] (never seen: may intend …f5)

1. e4 a5 [?!] (never seen)

1. e4 a6 [!?] St.George’s Defence (a.k.a. Baker’s Defence). Black intends …b5, …Bb7 and probably …e6,…c5 and …Nf6

1. e4 b5  (loses a pawn: see 1…a6)

1. e4 b6 [?!] Owen’s Defence a.k.a. Queen Fianchetto Defence. Black invites White to set up a pawn centre which can then be attacked.

1. e4 c5  Sicilian Defence. Black will exchange if White plays d4.

1. e4 c6  Caro-Kann Defence. Black will counter-punch with …d5.

1. e4 d5  Centre Counter Defence a.k.a. Scandanavian Defence.

1. e4 d6  Pirc Defence. Black will develop first] and strike out in the centre later.

1. e4 e5  (leads to the main King Pawn games)

Defences to 1. e4 other than 1…e5 are generally referred to as

Semi-Open Defences

and include the Alekhin, Sicilian, Caro-Kann, Pirc and French.

1. e4 e6  French Defence. Black will counter-punch with …d5.

1. e4 f5  The Fred Defence. Ugh.

1. e4 f6  Onc’s Gambit. 2.d4 e5 3. dxe5 Nc6 4.exf6 Nxf6. Ugh.

1. e4 g5 [?!] Borg Defence. (Grob reversed). see 1.d4 h6.

1. e4 g6  Modern Defence. (a.k.a. Kotov/Robatsch Defence) Black invites 2.d4; the centre can then be used as a target.

1. e4 h5  (never seen)

1. e4 h6 [?!] see Borg Defence above.

1. f3  Barnes Opening. Rude players have even followed this up with 2.Kf2 (known as the Pork Chop).

1. f4  Bird’s Opening. Not bad; White can play as if playing the Dutch or follow up with 2.b3.

1. g3  Benko Opening a.k.a. King Fianchetto Opening. Often transposes.

1. g4 [!?]  Grob’s Opening. Intends a gambit with 1 … d5; 2 Bg2 Bxg4 (2 … c6 is safer) 3.c4!

1. h3  Clemenz Opening. English IM Michael Basman has played this, along with other ‘odd’ moves like a3 and g4/b4 (and the same for Black), as a way of reserving options and tempting opponents to over-commit themselves.

1. h4  Desprez Opening a.k.a. Reagan Opening (‘Thoroughly unmotivated and creates weaknesses with only vague promises of future potential‘ – BENJAMIN and SCHILLER).

• Key

Double Queen Pawn Openings

1. d4 d5  (leads to main-line Queen Pawn openings)

1. d4 d5 2. e3  Colle System. White is aiming for a 1.e4-style game after Nf3,Bd3,Re1 and e4

1. d4 d5 2. e4 (dxe4 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. f3)  Blackmar-Diemer Gambit. Tricky and with something of a cult following.

1. d4 d5 2. f4 (or 2.e3+ 3.f4)  Stonewall Opening. Playing for a slow K-side attack, but leaves weak points. Not good enough, really.

1. d4 d5 2.Nc3 (2…Nf6 3.Bg5) [!?] Veresov Opening a.k.a. Richter-Veresov. White often aims for e4, sometimes with f3, although can play more quietly.

1. d4 d5 2.c4  Queen’s Gambit. The main weapon of 1.d4 players

1. d4 d5 2.c4 Nc6 [!?] Queen’s Gambit, Tchigorin Defence. Tricky, trappy difficult chess.

1. d4 d5 2.c4 Nf6 [!?] Queen’s Gambit, Marshall Defence. Often played by beginners, and not to be rushed at.

1. d4 d5 2.c4 c5 [?!] Queen’s Gambit, Symmetrical Defence. White should be able to preserve an advantage.

1. d4 d5 2.c4 c6 [!?] Queen’s Gambit, Slav Defence. A good defence, combining solidity with possibilities for playing for a win.

1. d4 d5 2.c4 dxc5 [!?] Queen’s Gambit Accepted. More open and fighting approach than the Orthodox.

1. d4 d5 2.c4 e5  Queen’s Gambit, Albin Counter-Gambit. A difficult gambit line, usually mistrusted, sometimes tried with success.

1. d4 d5 2.c4 e6  Queen’s Gambit Declined, Orthodox Defence. The main highway of the QGD, with many sub-variations.

1. d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3. g3  Catalan Opening. Slow, solid, subtle.

• Key

Double King Pawn Openings

1. e4 e5  (leads to main-line King Pawn openings)

1. e4 e5 2. Bc4  Bishop’s Opening. Under-rated for many years, now taken more seriously. Often played at GM level in a very solid way, which I don’t think you should imitate until you have a good few years experience.

1. e4 e5 2. Nc3  Vienna Game and Vienna Gambit (3.f4). Worth a look: not a real kick-and-rush opening but has its points.

1. e4 e5 2. Ne2  Alapin’s Opening. Intends f4 without loss, but is too slow a move for this stage of the game.

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5  Ruy Lopez. Very large opening system: the main weapon of many 1.e4 players. An opening for life.

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4  (generally) Italian Game. Just the sort of open, tactical chess you should be playing.

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5  Giuoco Piano. A good training ground for your early chess games.

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 c6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. b4  Evans’ Gambit. A sharp and enterprising line, which sadly has not really survived Lasker’s scrutiny.

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Be7  Hungarian Defence. Unnecessarily passive, but not bad.

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6  Two Knights’ Defence. A good counter-attacking line.

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Be2  Tayler Opening. Recently explored, but no great discovery.

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3 Bb4  Three Knights’ Game. A way of trying to avoid the Four Knights. (3…Bc5 is not good)

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3 Nf6  Four Knights’ Opening. Solid, square, often stodgy.

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. c3  Ponziani Opening. Slow, but some interesting lines if Black stirs things up.

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4  Scotch Opening. Fashionable recently, worth looking at.

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 exd4 4. c3  Goring Gambit. Not fashionable [but also worth looking at.

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. g3  King’s Indian Attack. Slow but aggressive: not at its best in this form but often used against the half-open defences such as the French and Caro-Kann.

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6  Petroff Defence. Recently very fashionable, enough to make people look at the Bishop’s Opening to avoid it.

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 d5  Queen’s Pawn Counter-Gambit. Unsound.

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 d6  Philidor’s Defence. Solid but nothing special: may lead to a slower game than White would prefer.

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 f5  Latvian Counter-Gambit. The line with 3. Bc4 probably wins for White, although 3. Nxe4 Qf6 4. Nc4 is +=

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 f6  Damiano’s Defence. Unsound.

1. e4 e5 2. d4 exd4 3. Qxd5  Centre Game. 3…Nc6 simply gains time and White will struggle to equalise against accurate play by Black.

1. e4 e5 2. d4 exd4 3. c3  Danish Gambit. The way to liven up the Centre Game, although Black can decline or return the gambit with good chances.

1. e4 e5 2. f4  King’s Gambit. Bold, vigorous, dangerous. Black can decline or return the gambit pawn, and even offer a gambit with …d5, but in no case can Black avoid a complex game with a full board.

Key

= Popular opening [books or other support material readily available

 🙂 = a good opening for juniors

[!?] = Interesting or tricky]

[?!] = Dubious or difficult]

 = Too risky

 🙁 = Not recommended

 = Definitely not recommended

Style

 = Solid – won’t get you into trouble

 = Active (White) or counterattacking (Black)

 = Trappy

1. Get your pieces out into the centre quickly. The opening  is a race to see who can get their pieces out first while keeping at least a share of control of the centre.
   • This is the main point to remember; all the other rules are just footnotes to this one.  Sortez les pièces!
     

     ---

2. Get a firm foothold in the centre – a pawn on one of the ‘little centre’ squares e4/e5/d5/d4 – and don’t give it up without good reason
3. Move your king to safety at the side by castling
4. Complete your development before moving a piece twice or starting an attack.  By move 12, you should have connected your Rooks, or be about to do so.
5. More detail on winning the race:
   • move pieces not pawns, and
   • move them to their best squares in one move if you can, and also
   • try to gain time if you can by aggressive moves.
6. Move your minor pieces out early on generally move Knights before Bishops, and generally straightaway to f3/c3 or f6/c6 (but probably not both, as White)
7. Don’t move out your major pieces (Q+RR) where they will get chased around by the little guys and possibly trapped.
8. Don’t grab pawns or attack if you haven’t completed developmen; especially, don’t charge around with your Queen trying to hoover up pawns.
9. If one side gets ahead in development:
   
   • If you are ahead in development, start something going and open up lines for your better pieces
   • If you are behind in development, don’t start anything and keep things closed until you have caught up. This is especially true if you have not castled!
10. Rooks are the hardest piece to develop: “openings should be judged on the prospects they offer to ambitious young Rooks” – PURDY.  To develop your Rooks, open a file; to open a file, bring pawns into a position to swap them off; so after 1.e4, plan to play d2-d4 or f2-f4 soon.
    • In fact, you have to attack the opponent’s centre with pawns to get much chance of an advantage as White (The Four Knights’ Game is next to Old Stodge in drawishness), so d2-d4 makes sense for more than one reason.

Further advice on playing the opening

I’ve collected here some other advice from the grandmasters of the past.

Lasker’s rules for the opening

1. Do not move any pawns in the opening of a game but the King and Queen pawns.
2. Do not move any piece twice in the opening, but put it at once on the right square.
3. Bring out your knights before developing your bishops, especially the Queen’s Bishop.
4. Do not pin the adverse King Knight (ie. by Bg5) before your opponent has castled.

 COOL TIP: Why should you move the knights first? Well, knights are very much more effective if they are in the centre. (Bishops are more effective here too, but they can work from a distance). For the opening that has to mean Knights moving to c3 and f3 (or c6 and g6). Where should the Bishops go? The White King’s Bishop on f1 could go to b5,c4,d3 or even e2. Which is best? That depends on what your opponent is up to. So, move your knights straight away to the centre, and while you are doing that your opponent’s moves may suggest to you where you should put your bishops.

Reuben Fine on the opening:

1. In the initial position White, because of the extra move, has a slight advantage. Consequently:
2. White’s problem in the opening is to secure the better position, while…
3. Black’s problem is to secure equality.

Fine’s rules for the opening

1. Open with either the e-pawn or the d-pawn.
2. Wherever possible, make a good developing move which threatens something or adds to the pressure on the centre.
3. Develop knights before bishops.
4. Pick the most suitable square for a piece and develop it there once and for all.
5. Make one or two pawn moves in the opening, not more.
6. Do not bring your queen out too early.
7. Castle as soon as possible, preferably on the king’s side.
8. Play to get control of the centre.
9. Always try to maintain at least one pawn in the centre.
10. Do not sacrifice without a clear and adequate reason, eg.:
    • it secures a tangible advantage in development
    • it deflects the opponent’s queen
    • it prevents the opponent from castling
    • it enables a strong attack to be developed

Fine’s two last questions to be asked before a move is made:

• How does it affect the centre?
• How does it fit in with the development of my other pieces and pawns?

Nimzovitch’s Seven Axioms

(from My System)

1. Development is to be understood as the strategic advance of the troops toward the frontier line (the line between the fourth and fifth ranks).
2. A pawn move must not in itself be regarded as a devloping move, but merely as an aid to development.
3. To be ahead in development is the ideal to be aimed for.
4. Exchange with resulting gain of tempo.
5. Liquidation, with consequent development or disembarrassment.
6. The pawn centre must be mobile.
7. There is no time for pawn hunting in the opening, except for centre pawns.

— NIMZOVITCH

Suetin’s four principles for advanced players

1. The fight for control of the centre
2. The striving for the quickest and most active development.
3. The creation of conditions that permit early castling.
4. The formation of an advantageous pawn structure

— SUETIN

Hort’s 13 rules for all players

1. Take advantage of every tempo.
2. Do not make pawn moves without careful planning.
3. Begin the game with a centre pawn, and develop the minor pieces so that they influence the centre.
4. Develop flexibly!
5. Develop harmoniously! Play with all your pieces
6. Do not make aimless moves. Each move must be part of a definite plan.
7. Do not be eager for material gain. The fight for time is much more important than the fight for material, especially in open positions.
8. A weakening of your own pawns may be accepted only if it is compensated by a more active placement of your pieces.
9. With the help of your pawns, try to get an advantage in space and weaken your opponent’s pawn position.
10. Do not obstruct your pawns by grouping your pieces directly in front of them; pawns and pieces must work together.
11. During the first few moves, pay special attention to the vulnerable KB2 square on both sides.
12. Remember that the poor placement of even a single piece may destroy the coordination of the other pieces.
13. With White, exploit the advantage of having the first move and try to gain the initiative. With Black, try to organize counterplay.

This last point is worth particular attention, for, although it contains much wisdom, it is not always applied in current tournament practice. Unfortunately, we belong to a time when White usually tries to gain only a minimal advantage, because to try for more entails the taking of risks. Black, having no sure method of developing counterplay without risk, usually tries to minimise White’s attacking possibilities. The game thus proceeds towards an endgame in which neither side has real winning chances.”  — VLASTIMIL HORT

Portisch on forming a repertoire:

“Your only task in the opening is to reach a playable middlegame.” “…To all players I can recommend the following: simplicity and economy. These are the characteristics of the opening systems of many great masters… A solid opening repertoire fosters self-confidence.” — LAJOS PORTISCH

(LP goes on to discuss the Exchange Ruy Lopez, the Modern Steinitz (as Black), slow lines of the French Winawer, the Classical Pirc, the Closed Sicilian and the King’s Indian Attack against the French (and Sicilian; and on the other side of the board the Exchange Queen’s Gambit and lines of the King’s Indian Defence and Nimzo-Indian)